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Common Names: Garlic, Allium, Stinking Rose, Clove Garlic, Russian Penicillin, Heal-All, Poor Man’s Treacle, and “The Wonder Drug”.
Botanical Name: Allium sativum
Nutritional Support at a Glance: Used as Nutritional support by persons with Infections, Inflammation, Acute and Chronic Sinusitis, Diabetes, Decreased Immune Function, Colds and Influenza, Whooping Cough, Fever, Elevated Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol Levels, Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis Concerns, Heart Disease, Stroke Concerns, Angina, Arthritis, Digestive Disorders, Peptic Ulcers, Muscle Pains and spasms, Menstrual Pains, Water Retention, Bronchitis, Nausea, Vomiting, Flatulence, Colic, Scar Tissue Problems and Fibroids, Corns, Calluses, Warts, Cancer (for prevention and destruction of certain types of cancer cells).
Notice to Consumers: No information is provided as an enticement to purchase and in accordance with section 201(g) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, is not intended to treat, prevent, cure or mitigate any disease and is for your perusal and to be used in concert with your physician.
To view product formulation Allium (Garlic)
Origin: Allium is the second oldest known medicinal food and has been used for thousands of years to treat a very wide range of ailments. Although remains of Allium have been found in caves dating back 10,000 years, the first written prescription was found on a Sumerian cuneiform tablet dating 3,000 BC. Garlic was certainly a favorite of Egyptians, earning them the name “stinking ones” and it was even found in the tomb of King Tut. It is reported that the World’s first strike was over garlic occurring when the Egyptians reduced their slaves ration because of a garlic shortage. The Ebers Papyrus, the oldest known medical text, included 22 formulas for treating intestinal worms, tumors, headaches, menstrual problems, heart problems and insect bites including scorpion stings. The Greeks were very fond of garlic medicinally using it before battle and competition and it is even mentioned in Homer’s Odyssey to give strength to Ulysses, but eventually the upper class Greeks came to hate the “sinking rose” and associated it with commoners. Hippocrates recommended it for digestive problems, wounds, infections, leprosy, and cancer; Dioscorides thought it valuable for the treatment of heart problems and Pliny had 61 remedies for almost every condition, many of which have been scientifically verified as efficacious. The Ayurvedics used it to treat leprosy for a thousand years and also used it to treat cancer which has been confirmed scientifically as a viable protocol. The 17th century English Herbalist Nicholas Culpeper referred to garlic as the poor man’s treacle, meaning panacea. Gravediggers proved to be immune to the widespread plague of 1721 in Marseilles by using garlic mixed with wine and the concoction was called vinaigres des quatre voleurs (four thieves’ vinegar) and is still available in France. Eclectic physicians of the 19th century used it effectively for treating respiratory problems including colds and coughs even whooping cough. Louis Pasteur noted the antibiotic activity of garlic in 1858.
Parts Used Medicinally: Fresh bulbs or dried bulbs and the garlic oils are used as a spice or medicinally. The careful drying of Allium powder preserves its alliin compound (S-allylcysteine sulphoxide) and the enzyme alliinase. Odorless garlic is produced by fermentation and contains modified sulphur compounds like S-allycysteine. Garlic oils that are steam distilled are rich in diallyl sulphides.
Traditional and/or Historical Use: Allium was used on the battlefield during World Wars I & II to disinfect wounds and prevent gangrene, due its remarkable antibiotic properties, but was soon replaced because of Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin. The Soviet army used it for the same purposes because of the short supply of sulfa drugs and penicillin due to more than 20,000,000 casualties, hence the name Russian penicillin. The Traditional use for garlic also includes elevated blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, muscle pain, arthritis, menstrual pains, bronchitis, corns, calluses, and warts. Garlic success in treating infected wounds and amoebic dysentery caused by Endameba histolytica demonstrated its merit as an antibiotic and antiprotozoan herb. It is currently used to lower blood pressure, fight certain infections, lower cholesterol and other blood lipids, as an aid in digestion and fight certain types of cancer cells. Germany’s Commission E has approved Garlic to treat high cholesterol, moderately elevated blood pressure, and arteriosclerosis. Scientific research supports its use in cancer prevention, as an antimicrobial with demonstrated effects against numerous bacteria, viruses, worms and fungi in support of its historical and traditional use in the treatment of infectious diseases, peptic ulcers and certain gastrointestinal disorders. There is additional scientific evident in support of its use in boosting the immune system, as a an anticancer agent, for its cardiovascular impact and protection against heart disease, strokes, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, and lowering high blood pressure in essential hypertensive’s, also an anti-inflammatory agent, effectively used in the treatment of diabetes for its hypoglycemic action. Other scientific based uses are as a diuretic, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), antispasmodic, expectorant, emmenagogue (stimulates pelvic and uterine blood flow), carminative (prevents formation of gas in the stomach and intestines) and digestive aid, therefore useful in nausea, vomiting, flatulence and colic.
Active Biochemical’s or Phytochemical’s and/or Mechanisms of Action: The chemistry of garlic (Allium sativum) is very complex. The volatile oils in Allium comprise (0.1-0.6%) of the sulfur-containing compounds primarily, allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide, which are generally recognized as the most phamacolically active constituents along with alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide. Allium contains 16% proteins with high amounts of trace minerals, especially selenium, along with many vitamins, glucosinates and the enzymes of particular interest alliinase, myrosinase also peroxides.
The American National Cancer Institute (NCI) in a very long $20 million in vitro and in vivo study, identified garlic and its allyl sulfides as having the highest anticancer activity along with soybeans, ginger, licorice, and umbelliferous vegetables. An extract of garlic was shown to have effects against bladder cancer in mice. Human population studies show garlic’s immune-enhancing and anticancer effects and that cancer incidence is lowest where garlic consumption is the highest. Garlic inhibits the formation of nitrosamines that are potent cancer-causing compounds formed in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract during digestion. Many animal studies confirm the powerful antitumor effect of garlic extracts and allicin. Allium may help prevent cancer, due to its anticarcinogenic activity, if consumed regularly and prior to cancer onset or when cancer cell numbers are small by direct action on tumor cells, inhibition of the initiation and promotion phase of cancer, and modulation of the immune response.
Allium demonstrates significant heart disease and stroke protection in numerous human studies, including double-blind, placebo-controlled patients with cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dl given a daily dose of commercially available Garlic containing 10 mg of alliin or TAP of 4,000 µg revealing lowered total serum cholesterol levels by 10-12% while LDL levels decreased by 15% and HDL levels increased by 10% with a 15% drop in triglyceride levels noted. Studies also show that just eating more garlic and onions can also lower cholesterol and reduce risks associated with coronary heart disease.
Fibrinogen promotes atherosclerosis, participates in platelet aggregation, increases blood viscosity, negatively influences the arterial walls and is considered an “acute-phase” protein involved in blood clotting and therefore is a major and primary risk factor for coronary heart disease with garlic demonstrating a significant influence on prevention of thrombo-embolic events like heart attacks and strokes. Ajoene, a compound in Allium, inhibits platelet aggregation, but unlike aspirin, ajoene acts by modifying the platelet membrane structure. Garlic, alliin and its oil as well as freshly fried or raw garlic markedly increases fibrinolytic (destruction of fibrinogen) serum activity in human studies, inhibits platelet aggregation which is conclusively linked to atherosclerosis, and also prevents oxidation of LDL (the healthy lipoproteins) thereby reducing atherosclerosis and its impact on cardiovascular disease.
The hypertensive effect of garlic has been demonstrated in experimental animals and in humans; the effects are noted by decreasing systolic pressure by 20-30 mm Hg and diastolic pressure by 10-20 mm Hg and this action is postulated to be related to garlic’s sulfur composition and researched lipid lowering properties.
Allium is a potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial effective against a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi and worms. It demonstrates efficacy even with bacterial strains that have become antibiotic resistant and is very effective against yeast infections (Candida albicans), even more effective than nystatin and 6 other antifungal preparations including remarkably demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis, a very serious fungal infection. Garlic with the highest levels of allicin and other thiosulfinates were most effective in the destruction of viruses including influenza, herpes simplex 1 & 2, vaccinia virus, human rhinovirus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, and vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro. There is a demonstrated and significant anti-inflammatory action noted experimentally resulting from inhibition of inflammatory compounds. Mills and Bone recommend garlic for the treatment of acute bronchitis because of its antiseptic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action, prescribed throughout the course of the infection and continued for 1 week into recovery to prevent relapse and they also suggest its use with whooping cough, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
It is also shown to be an effective treatment against most common intestinal parasites including roundworms and hookworms.
Allium is an effective adjunct in the treatment of diabetes demonstrating an insulin-sparing action and release of free insulin due to allicin and other sulfhydryl compounds ability to compete with insulin, since insulin is also a disulfide protein.
Allium is also effectively used as a digestive aid, diuretic, expectorant, antispasmotic and is useful in relieving nausea, vomiting, colic and flatulence.
Recommended Dosage: (Allium sativum) Standardized to 12 mg./g. Alliin, 90% Allinase activity, 4,000 mcg. Total Allicin Potential (TAP) in a 400 mg tablet taken 1 to 3 tablets daily between meals or as directed by your physician. Other reported dosages are up to 4 grams of fresh garlic cloves or 8 mg of the essential oil. Dosing may be increased significantly for addressing acute symptoms since there are no known toxic reactions although complaints are not uncommon as noted below.
Toxicity, Cautions, Contra-Indications: Most common complaints are breath and body odor, gastrointestinal irritation, heartburn, flatulence, nausea, and mouth irritation. The absorption of garlic is impaired when taken with acidophilus and increased antithrombotic effects have been reported when taken with eicosapentanoic acid EPA (fish oils). Garlic may potentiate the anticoagulation and antiplatelet activity of Angelica, Anise, danshen, ginger, Ginkgo Biloba, Horse chestnut, Red clover, Turmeric and White willow-which the liver converts into aspirin, and may worsen bleeding disorders and gastrointestinal problems. Although there is no known toxicity, the above information should be considered when taking very large amounts of Garlic. It has been reported that prolonged feeding of relatively high doses to young rats has caused weight loss, anemia as well as failure to grow.
Drug Interactions:
George T. Grossberg, M.D. & Barry Fox, Ph.D reports, “Taking garlic with these drugs may increase the risk of bleeding or bruising: abciximab, acemetacin, alteplase, antithrombin III, argatroban, aspirin, aspirin and dipyridamole, bivalirudin, celecozib, aholine magnesium trisalicylate, choline salicylate, clopidogrel, dalteparin, danaparoid, diclofenac, diflunisal, dipyridamole, dipyrone, drotrecogin, enoxaparin, eptifibatide, etodolac, etoricoxib, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, fondaparinux, heparin, hydrocodone and aspirin, hydrocodone and ibuprofen, ibritumomab, ibuprofen, indobufen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, lepirudin, magnesium salicylate, meclofenamate, mefanamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, nadroparin, naproxen, niflumic acid, nimesulide, oxaprozin, piroxicam, reteplase, rofecoxib, salsalate, streptokinase, sulindac, tenecteplase, tenoxicam, tiaprofenic acid, ticlopidine, tinzaparin, tirofiban, tolmetin, urokinase, valdecoxib, warfarin. Taking garlic with these drugs may increase the risk of hypotension (excessively low blood pressure): amlodipine, atenolol, benzepril, bepridil, betaxolol, bisoprolol, bumetanide, candesartan, captopril, carteolol, carvedilol, cilazapril, diltiazem, doxazosin, enalapril, eprosartan, felodipine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, irbesartan, isradipine, labetalol, lisinopril, lopinavir and ritonavir andritonavir, losartan, metolazone, metoprolol, moexipril, nadolol, nicardipine, nifedipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, olmesartan, perindopril erbumine, prazosin, propranolol, quinipril, ramipril, telmisartan, terazosin, torsemide, trandolapril, valsartan, verapamil. Taking garlic with these drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): acarbose, acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipizide, glipizide and metformin, insulin, metformin, miglitol, nateglinide, pioglitazone, repaglinide, rosiglitazone, rosiglitazone and metformin, tolazamide, tolbutamide. Taking garlic with these drugs may exacerbate hypertension (high blood pressure): fosfomycin, furosemide. Taking garlic with these drugs may reduce blood levels and/or the effectiveness of the drug: amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir. Taking garlic with these drugs may cause severe gastrointestinal toxicity: amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir.”
General References: Balch, J. and Balch, P., (1997) Prescription for Nutritional Healing. Garden City Park, New York: Avery Publishing Group. Castleman, M., (1991) The Healing Herbs. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. Chopra, D., (1993) Alternative Medicine. Fife, Washington: Future Medicine Publishing, Inc. Flynn, R. and Roest, M., (1995) Your Guide to Standardized Herbal Products. Prescott, Arizona: One World Press. Murray, M., (1996) Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. United States of America: Prima Publishing. Michael Castleman, (1991), The Healing Power of Herbs-The Guide to the Curative Power of Nature’s Medicines, Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press. Murray, M. and Pizzorno, J., (1998) Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. United States of America: Prima Publishing. Null, G., (1998) The Complete Encyclopedia of Natural Healing. New York, New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. Werbach, M., (1993) Nutritional Influences on Illness. Tarzana, California: Third Line Press. Melvin R. Werbach, M.D. & Jeffrey Moss, D.D.S., C.N.S., C.C.N. (1999) Textbook of Nutritional Medicine. Third Line Press, Inc. Tarzana, CA. Simon Mills, MCPP, FNIMH, MA & Kerry Bone MCPP FNHAA FNIMH BSc (Hons) (2000) Principles and Practices of Phytotherapy. New York, NY Churchill Livingstone. Joseph Pizzorno, Jr. & Michael Murray, (1999) Textbook of Natural Medicine. New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone. M. Murray, N.D.(1995) The Healing Power of Herbs. New York, NY, Gramercy Books. Melvin R. Werbach M.D. & Michael T Murray, N.D., (2000) Botanical Influences on Illness. A Sourcebook of Clinical Research. Tarzana, CA, Third Line Press. George T. Grossberg, M.D. & Barry Fox, Ph.D. (2007) The Essential Herb-Drug-Vitamin Interaction Guide. New York, NY, Broadway Books. James F. Balch, M.D. & Mark Stengler, N.D., (2004) Prescription for Natural Cures. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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