Common Names: Echinacea, Purple Coneflower, Black Sampson, and Hedgehog.

Botanical Names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, and Echinacea pallida. 

Nutritional Support at a Glance: Used as Nutritional support by persons with Decreased Immune Function, AIDS, Low White Blood Cell counts, Bacterial Infections, Upper Respiratory Infections, Colds, Influenza, Viral infections, Acne, Abscess, Arthritis, Cancer as well as for Radiation Therapy protection, Skin Damage from UV radiation over-exposure, Poor Wound Healing, Inflammatory Conditions, Allergies, Poor Tissue/Cellular Regeneration, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Candidiasis (yeast infections), and Snakebites.

Notice to Consumers:
No information is provided as an enticement to purchase and in accordance with section 201(g) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, is not intended to treat, prevent, cure or mitigate any disease and is for your perusal and to be used in concert with your physician.

To view product formulation Black Sampson (Echinacea)

Origin: Black Sampson is native to North America and used by the Midwestern Indians from Saskatchewan to Texas and was the Plains Indians’ primary medicine with uses as poultices for all wounds, snakebites, insect bites and stings. They used it as a mouthwash for painful gums and teeth and drank it as a tea for arthritis, smallpox, measles, mumps, and for colds. Black Sampson’s use soon became a favorite remedy by the settlers and in 1870 Dr. H. F. Meyer promoted its medicinal use as “an absolute cure” for rattlesnake bites and for almost every other illness, re-enforcing the name snake oil peddlers to the hawkers of medicinal concoctions. Dr. Meyer introduced Black Sampson to John Lloyd a professor and co-founder of the Lloyd Brothers Pharmacists and it was Lloyd that identified the plant as Black Sampson and developed numerously popular Black Sampson products for infections and treating wounds, blood poisoning venomous bites and stings as well as diphtheria, chicken pox, malaria, measles, influenza, meningitis, scarlet fever, gangrene and syphilis from the 1890’s through most of the 1920’s.

The Eclectic text, King’s American Dispensatory extolled its use infant cholera, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhus, nasal congestion, septic wounds, leg ulcers, bee stings and cancer. There became quite a rife between the alternative medical practitioners (Eclectics) and the traditional practitioners (Allopathics), who by then were gaining ground as becoming pretty much a monopoly and The Journal of the American Medical Association published an article in 1909, denouncing its reported use as unverifiable.

Echinacea was listed in the National Formulary for pharmacists from 1916 until 1950, but after the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, echinacea’s use started to wane and by the 1940’s was largely pushed aside and forgotten until its resurgence in the 1970’s by modern Herbalists as a potent immune booster and antibiotic.

Gerhard Madaus in 1932 documented Black Sampson’s immune activity and other European researchers kept Black Sampson scientifically alive. The increased interest in influencing immune disorders, especially among naturopathic physicians, including the general public’s concern and their increasing awareness of alternative protocols relative to autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AID’s), chronic fatigue syndrome, candidiasis (yeast infection), and cancer, caused an increase in echinasea’s popularity and more scientific interest in the investigation of its chemistry and physiologic impact on specific health concerns.

Parts Used Medicinally: The roots of E. angustifolia and E. pallida are generally used in dried powdered capsules and tablets although liquid extracts are common, however, echinacea purpurea preparations of the dried or fresh whole plant, including aerial parts, as well as dried or fresh preparations of the root, rhizome and juice of flowering tops are used as extracts and tinctures, including encapsulation and in tablet form. E. purpurea is prepared as tinctures from the whole plant, rhizomes, roots or aerial parts and the flowering tops are juiced with any or all of the above parts prepared as capsules and tablets along with Homeopathic dilute preparations.
Root preparations from E. angustifloria and E. purpurea are generally preferred, but other parts are also used. Although most reports assert that the roots contain the most immune enhancing constituents the raw data comes mostly from studies using the aerial portions of E purpurea.
E. pallida roots by some accounts are less biologically active, hence the tendency toward professional use mostly of only E. angustifloria and E. purpurea, however, E. pallida has significant concentrations of biologically active chemicals in its aerial parts. CAUTION: There have been reports of Missouri snakeroot (Parthenium integrifolium) used as a substitute for Black Sampson, therefore only purchase from an ISO 9001 manufacturer or very reputable source. 

Traditional and/or Historical Use: A group of physicians called Eclectics that were quite prominent during the late 19^th and early 20^th century (about 50 years) used Echinacea angustifolia for a wide spectrum of conditions and was perhaps the most widely prescribed natural remedy of their era. The King’s American Dispensatory lists the use of Black Sampson for syphilis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, typhus, snake bites, septic wounds, dysentery and cancer. Other reports include its use for tuberculosis, diabetes, psoriasis, renal hemorrhage, chronic mastitis, chronic glandular indurations, chronic ulcerations and tubercular abscesses, dosing for very prolonged periods. Since Black Sampson exerts a rather profound influence on the immune system, much of their remedies treating the variety of infectious diseases, including viral and yeast, and those affected by weakened immunity, as well as numerous skin conditions, inflammatory conditions, and cancer are supported by current scientific studies and there is no evidence that prolonged use has an adverse effect on the immune system. The current traditional use of Black Sampson is for bacterial, viral, fungal (Candida) and protozoan infections including infections of the respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tract, compromised or imbalanced immunity resulting in allergies and autoimmune diseases, mild septicemia (microbial blood poisoning), inflammatory and purulent (containing or composed of pus) conditions that include abscesses, furunculus (boils), acne, along with topical applications for bacterial infections, skin inflammation disorders, and poorly healing wounds. The clinical efficacy and supportive research is noted below which includes Black Sampson’s immune-modulating activity and treatment for certain cancers including prophylactic support of, and adjunctive therapy with traditional cancer treatment, including use for tumor inhibition, as well as collagen protection from free radicals and the treatment and prevention of skin damage from over exposure to UV radiation. Black Sampson is also used in toothpaste, lip balms, skin creams and lotions for damaged skin, facial toners, and in hair products. Although Black Sampson is primarily used today to treat many infections, common cold, leg ulcers, wounds and to stimulate the immune system, Germany’s Commission E. has officially approved the use of Echinacea purpurea to treat the common cold, fevers, bronchitis, cough, infections of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and throat, poorly healing wounds, leg ulcerations, burns, as well as reduce the risk of infections in persons prone to infections, and has also approved the use of E. pallida to treat colds, influenza-like symptoms and fevers. 

Active Biochemical’s or Phytochemical’s and/or Mechanisms of Action: There have been over 350 studies of the pharmacology, chemistry and the clinical applications of Black Sampson.  Inulin is the most notable polysaccharide compound found in Black Sampson at concentrations of 5.9% and is known for its immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, however, the most potent immune enhancing polysaccharides appears to be the branched chain heteroglycans. Echinacoside is a compound of caffeic acid attached to a central glucose molecule that accumulates in the roots and flowers with analysis of E. angustifolia roots found to contain 0.3-1.3% and the roots of E. pallida contained 0.4-1.7% with the root concentration levels in E. purpurea, although not measured, but probably has similar concentration levels, as do the aerial parts of other species, except for E. pupurea, which contains only negligible amounts. Cichoric acid, another caffeic acid derivative, is important in the pharmacology of Echinacea and is only found in significant concentrations in E. purpurea roots and the aerial parts. The caffeic acid esters cynarin is found in significant quantity only in the root of E. angustifolia ,  with chlorogenic acid and cichoric acid found in the highest concentrations in E. purpurea aerial parts. Chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids are found primarily in the aerial parts of E. angustifolia and E. pallida. Another ester, verbascoside is found in the aerial parts of E. angustifolia and E. pallida with the ester caftaric acid found in the aerial parts of E. pupura and E. pallida. The alkylamides, mostly isobutylamides are the constituents that cause a tingling in the mouth and are present in their highest concentrations in the roots of E. angustifolia ((0.009%) and E. purpurea having (0.004%) with E. pallida concentration negligible at (0.001%). The primary essential oils found in Black Sampson are sesquiterpene derivatives, alphapinine, borneol and other related aromatic compounds. Other isolated compounds include the alkaloids, tussilagine and isotussilagine and additional constituents found are resins, glycoproteins, fatty acids, sterols and minerals.

Our immune system is a complex and well orchestrated system of responses and stimulation of a very diverse network of organs, cellular events, and biochemical reactions. Black Sampson can exert numerous immune response activities and modulation effects that can profoundly and efficaciously influence the body’s ability to defend itself from various infections and their sequelae. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that Black Sampson simulates phagocytosis (the eating of) Candida albicans (yeast) by granulocytes and monocytes and also increased the total numbers of macrophages, segmented neutrophilic granulocytes, and granular leucocytes as well as increasing cytokine levels (TNF-alpha, IL-1, Il-6, IL-10) by macrophages (white cells that eat foreign proteins); enhanced cellular immune function of mononuclear cells even in patients with noted low immunity due to AIDS and chronic fatigue syndrome, also antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and natural killer cell activity were notable enhanced. Black Sampson promotes cell-mediated immunity which is not mediated by antibodies and is very important in fighting infectious diseases like molds and yeasts as well as parasites and viruses including Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex and the viruses that cause hepatitis. The polysaccharides in Black Sampson not only increases the total number of serum white blood cells, but also binds to the surface receptors of T lymphocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells making them more potent foreign body destroyers and additionally stimulates the production of interleukin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and increases interferon production while also increasing the replication and activity of “natural killer cells” which destroy cells that are viral infected as well as cancerous cells. Black Sampson also increases the phagocytic activity of neutrophils that aggressively engulf dead particles and destroy bacteria as well as tumors. Inulin, a fraction of Black Sampson causes increased movement of phagocytes into the area of infection, via the alternate complement pathway resulting in the destruction of bacteria, viruses and other micro-organisms. The pure Black Sampson isolate arabinogalactan caused intracellular lysis and the destruction of 90% of Leishmania parasites. Bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity was also noted against E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using polyacetones from E. angustofolio and E. purpurea. In vivo whole plant extracts demonstrated greater activity than isolated constituent extracts in vitro. In vivo oral doses of enriched alkylamide fraction or chicoric acid from E. angustifolia and E. pupurea roots demonstrate markedly increased phagocytic activity. Properdin, a serum protein that naturally stimulates the alternate complementary pathway is shown to be increased by Black Sampson. Viral inhibition was noted possibly due to inhibition of hyaluronidase, an enzyme that causes the spread of organism by increasing the permeability of tissue or as also proposed by blocking virus receptors on the cell, but Black Sampson’s most notable activity is enhanced cytotoxic destruction of viral infected cells along with the stimulation of the release of alpha and beta-interferon, which indirectly inhibits intra-cellular viral RNA transcription as noted with influenza, herpes, and poliovirus by an vitro aqueous extract of Black Sampson.

The lipid soluble (Z)-1,8-pentadecadiene found in the root of E. Angusifolio and E. pallida has a pronounced direct anticancer effect, in vivo, and Black Sampson also demonstrates indirect anticancer activity due to its immune-enhancing properties, especially the stimulating effect on macrophages providing enhanced cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. In vitro studies of the lipophilic fractions of E. pallida roots and the essential oils of E. angustifolia inhibited tumor cells.

In an upper respiratory tract infection study involving 180 patients, those that took 1800 mg per day of E. purpurea root experienced significant relief of symptoms with another study using 900 mg per day of E. pallida root, the duration of illness was significantly reduced compared to the control group and the symptoms were also significantly improved. One prophylaxis study of infection using 4 ml of E. purpurea aerial juice 2 times daily demonstrated a reduction in the intensity and incidence of infections with immune system compromised patients experiencing the greatest benefit and another study of 120 patients with common cold symptoms recovered in 4 days compared to the control recovery time of 8 days.

A 10 week study involving patients with recurrent candidiasis revealed a 17% recurrence rate in those that received E. purpurea juice with an antifungal cream compared to 60% recurrence for those using only the antifungal cream. The affect of an ointment containing Black Sampson juice on skin complaints involving 4500 patients that were examined by 500 German doctors, demonstrated an 86% favorable outcome.

Caffeic acid esters show collagen protection from free radical damage with the conclusion that Black Sampson preparations may be useful in the prevention as well as the treatment of UV photo-damaged skin.

Black Sampson alkylamides demonstrate efficacy as an anti-inflammatory exhibiting inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase in vitro and patch testing using the aerial juice of E. purpurea showed reduced edema and subcutaneous hemorrhage. Although Black Sampson is only half as effective as cortisone or prednisone, it has no side effects as do the corticosteroids and may be useful for persons with arthritis. Testing an extract of E. angustifolia inhibited edema and was more potent than the topical NSAID ointment benzydamine.

Since hyaluronidase is an enzyme in snake venom that breaks down the ground substance between cells thereby allowing the spread of venom, the Native American use of Black Sampson for snake bites was appropriate, given Black Sampson’s known ability to inhibit hyaluronidase activity.

Recommended Dosage: Professional and pharmaceutical grade Echinacea angustifolia is most commonly standardized to 4% echinacosides in a 200 mg capsule while E. purpurea is standardized to 4% sesquiterpene esters in a 200 mg capsule and when combined they are generally encapsulated as a 250 mg dose with recommended usage of 1 standardized capsule taken 1-4 times daily between meals and some authorities recommend 500 to 1,000 mg taken 3 times a day or as directed by a physician. For acute conditions the dosage of E. angustifolia root can be increased to 10-15 grams per day, for short periods. Germany’s Commission E. has a recommended 8-9 ml dose of fresh E. purpurea juice per day. It is interesting that 6.3 mgs of echinacoside is equivalent to 10 Oxford units of penicillin.

Toxicity, Cautions, Contra-Indications: There are no documented human toxic reactions to any of the Black Sampson species and even when rodents are given many times the human equivalent dose they showed no toxic reaction, however, there have been 3 deaths reportedly attributed to Black Sampson products, but no causal link could be established. The testing of 1032 randomly chosen patients studying ointments and ointment based components by patch testing yielded 2 persons reportedly having a positive reaction, but it was not determined if the reaction was to Black Sampson. Risk-benefit assessment study lasting 12 weeks showed unpleasant taste with some digestive symptoms reported by Echinacea lozenge use, but long-term use of E. purpurea juice was well tolerated. Transplant patients should exercise caution when taking Echinacea with immunosuppressive drugs and only short-term use is advised. No data is available for use when pregnant or nursing. When using Black Sampson one should always consider the possibility of some mild side-effects including allergic reactions, fever, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
Pollen may be present in the juices and aerial parts and may be problematic, therefore, the use of ISO 9001 or professional grade products are recommended. Persons with severe asthma should exercise caution.

Drug Interactions: George T. Grossberg, M.D. & Barry Fox, Ph.D reports, “Taking Black Sampson (Echinacea) with these drugs may cause or increase liver damage: abacavir, acarbose, acetaminophen, allopurinal, atorvastin, celecoxib, cidofovir, ciprofloxacin, colchicines, cyclosporine, diazepam, docetaxel, dofetilide, doxycycline, erythromycin, famotidine, fluconazole, fluphenazine, fluvastatin, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, ganciclovir, gemfibrozil, gentamicin, glipizide, glyburide, ibuprofen, indinavir, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketorolac, lamivudine, levodopa-carbidopa, lovastatin, meloxicam, methotrexate, methyldopa, methylprednisolone, moxifloxacin, naproxen, nelfinavir, nitrofurantoin, ofloxicin, ondansetron, paclitaxel, pantoprazole, phenytoin, piroxicam, pravastatin, prochlorperazine, rifampin, rifapentine, ritonavir, saquinavir, simvastatin, stavudine, tamoxifen, temazepam, tetracycline, triazolam, zidovudine. Taking Black Sampson (Echinacea) with these drugs may worsen HIV or AIDS: abacavir, acyclovir, allopurinol, amprenavir, cidofovir, famciclovir, ganciclovir, indinavir, nelfinavir, rifabutin, ritonavir, saquinavir, valganciclovir, zidovudine. Taking Black Sampson (Echinacea) with these drugs may interfere with the action of the drug: antithymocyte globulin (equine), antithymocyte globulin (rabbit), azathioprine, basiliximab, betamethasone, cyclosporine, daclizumab, dexamethasone, efalizumab, hydrocortisone, methotrexate, methylprednisolone, muromonab-CD3, mycophenolate, pimecrolimus, prednisolone, prednisone, sirolimus, tacrolimus, thalidomide, triamcinolone. Taking Black Sampson (Echinacea) with these drugs may worsen tuberculosis: doxycycline, isoniazid, tetracycline. Taking Black Sampson (Echinacea) with these drugs may be harmful: etodolac-may cause or increase gastrointestinal irritation.”

General References: Balch, J. and Balch, P., (1997) Prescription for Nutritional Healing. Garden City Park, New York: Avery Publishing Group. Castleman, M., (1991) The Healing Herbs. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. Chopra, D., (1993) Alternative Medicine. Fife, Washington: Future Medicine Publishing, Inc. Flynn, R. and Roest, M., (1995) Your Guide to Standardized Herbal Products. Prescott, Arizona: One World Press. Murray, M., (1996) Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. United States of America: Prima Publishing. Michael Castleman, (1991), The Healing Power of Herbs-The Guide to the Curative Power of Nature’s Medicines, Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press. Murray, M. and Pizzorno, J., (1998) Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. United States of America: Prima Publishing. Null, G., (1998) The Complete Encyclopedia of Natural Healing. New York, New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. Werbach, M., (1993) Nutritional Influences on Illness. Tarzana, California: Third Line Press. Melvin R. Werbach, M.D. & Jeffrey Moss, D.D.S., C.N.S., C.C.N. (1999) Textbook of Nutritional Medicine. Third Line Press, Inc. Tarzana, CA. Simon Mills, MCPP, FNIMH, MA & Kerry Bone MCPP FNHAA FNIMH BSc (Hons) (2000) Principles and Practices of Phytotherapy. New York, NY Churchill Livingstone. Joseph Pizzorno, Jr. & Michael Murray, (1999) Textbook of Natural Medicine. New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone. M. Murray, N.D.(1995) The Healing Power of Herbs. New York, NY, Gramercy Books. Melvin R. Werbach M.D. & Michael T Murray, N.D., (2000) Botanical Influences on Illness. A Sourcebook of Clinical Research. Tarzana, CA, Third Line Press. George T. Grossberg, M.D. & Barry Fox, Ph.D. (2007) The Essential Herb-Drug-Vitamin Interaction Guide. New York, NY, Broadway Books. James F. Balch, M.D. & Mark Stengler, N.D., (2004) Prescription for Natural Cures. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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